1 This is Info file wget.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from the
2 input file ./wget.texi.
4 INFO-DIR-SECTION Net Utilities
5 INFO-DIR-SECTION World Wide Web
7 * Wget: (wget). The non-interactive network downloader.
10 This file documents the the GNU Wget utility for downloading network
13 Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
15 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
16 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
17 preserved on all copies.
19 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
20 this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
21 that the sections entitled "Copying" and "GNU General Public License"
22 are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire
23 resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
24 notice identical to this one.
27 File: wget.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
32 This manual documents version 1.5.3+dev of GNU Wget, the freely
33 available utility for network download.
35 Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
39 * Overview:: Features of Wget.
40 * Invoking:: Wget command-line arguments.
41 * Recursive Retrieval:: Description of recursive retrieval.
42 * Following Links:: The available methods of chasing links.
43 * Time-Stamping:: Mirroring according to time-stamps.
44 * Startup File:: Wget's initialization file.
45 * Examples:: Examples of usage.
46 * Various:: The stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
47 * Appendices:: Some useful references.
48 * Copying:: You may give out copies of Wget.
49 * Concept Index:: Topics covered by this manual.
52 File: wget.info, Node: Overview, Next: Invoking, Prev: Top, Up: Top
57 GNU Wget is a freely available network utility to retrieve files from
58 the World Wide Web, using HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and FTP
59 (File Transfer Protocol), the two most widely used Internet protocols.
60 It has many useful features to make downloading easier, some of them
63 * Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the
64 background, while the user is not logged on. This allows you to
65 start a retrieval and disconnect from the system, letting Wget
66 finish the work. By contrast, most of the Web browsers require
67 constant user's presence, which can be a great hindrance when
68 transferring a lot of data.
70 * Wget is capable of descending recursively through the structure of
71 HTML documents and FTP directory trees, making a local copy of the
72 directory hierarchy similar to the one on the remote server. This
73 feature can be used to mirror archives and home pages, or traverse
74 the web in search of data, like a WWW robot (*Note Robots::). In
75 that spirit, Wget understands the `norobots' convention.
77 * File name wildcard matching and recursive mirroring of directories
78 are available when retrieving via FTP. Wget can read the
79 time-stamp information given by both HTTP and FTP servers, and
80 store it locally. Thus Wget can see if the remote file has
81 changed since last retrieval, and automatically retrieve the new
82 version if it has. This makes Wget suitable for mirroring of FTP
83 sites, as well as home pages.
85 * Wget works exceedingly well on slow or unstable connections,
86 retrying the document until it is fully retrieved, or until a
87 user-specified retry count is surpassed. It will try to resume the
88 download from the point of interruption, using `REST' with FTP and
89 `Range' with HTTP servers that support them.
91 * By default, Wget supports proxy servers, which can lighten the
92 network load, speed up retrieval and provide access behind
93 firewalls. However, if you are behind a firewall that requires
94 that you use a socks style gateway, you can get the socks library
95 and build wget with support for socks. Wget also supports the
96 passive FTP downloading as an option.
98 * Builtin features offer mechanisms to tune which links you wish to
99 follow (*Note Following Links::).
101 * The retrieval is conveniently traced with printing dots, each dot
102 representing a fixed amount of data received (1KB by default).
103 These representations can be customized to your preferences.
105 * Most of the features are fully configurable, either through
106 command line options, or via the initialization file `.wgetrc'
107 (*Note Startup File::). Wget allows you to define "global"
108 startup files (`/usr/local/etc/wgetrc' by default) for site
111 * Finally, GNU Wget is free software. This means that everyone may
112 use it, redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
113 GNU General Public License, as published by the Free Software
114 Foundation (*Note Copying::).
117 File: wget.info, Node: Invoking, Next: Recursive Retrieval, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
122 By default, Wget is very simple to invoke. The basic syntax is:
124 wget [OPTION]... [URL]...
126 Wget will simply download all the URLs specified on the command
127 line. URL is a "Uniform Resource Locator", as defined below.
129 However, you may wish to change some of the default parameters of
130 Wget. You can do it two ways: permanently, adding the appropriate
131 command to `.wgetrc' (*Note Startup File::), or specifying it on the
138 * Basic Startup Options::
139 * Logging and Input File Options::
141 * Directory Options::
144 * Recursive Retrieval Options::
145 * Recursive Accept/Reject Options::
148 File: wget.info, Node: URL Format, Next: Option Syntax, Prev: Invoking, Up: Invoking
153 "URL" is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator. A uniform
154 resource locator is a compact string representation for a resource
155 available via the Internet. Wget recognizes the URL syntax as per
156 RFC1738. This is the most widely used form (square brackets denote
159 http://host[:port]/directory/file
160 ftp://host[:port]/directory/file
162 You can also encode your username and password within a URL:
164 ftp://user:password@host/path
165 http://user:password@host/path
167 Either USER or PASSWORD, or both, may be left out. If you leave out
168 either the HTTP username or password, no authentication will be sent.
169 If you leave out the FTP username, `anonymous' will be used. If you
170 leave out the FTP password, your email address will be supplied as a
173 You can encode unsafe characters in a URL as `%xy', `xy' being the
174 hexadecimal representation of the character's ASCII value. Some common
175 unsafe characters include `%' (quoted as `%25'), `:' (quoted as `%3A'),
176 and `@' (quoted as `%40'). Refer to RFC1738 for a comprehensive list
177 of unsafe characters.
179 Wget also supports the `type' feature for FTP URLs. By default, FTP
180 documents are retrieved in the binary mode (type `i'), which means that
181 they are downloaded unchanged. Another useful mode is the `a'
182 ("ASCII") mode, which converts the line delimiters between the
183 different operating systems, and is thus useful for text files. Here
186 ftp://host/directory/file;type=a
188 Two alternative variants of URL specification are also supported,
189 because of historical (hysterical?) reasons and their widespreaded use.
191 FTP-only syntax (supported by `NcFTP'):
194 HTTP-only syntax (introduced by `Netscape'):
197 These two alternative forms are deprecated, and may cease being
198 supported in the future.
200 If you do not understand the difference between these notations, or
201 do not know which one to use, just use the plain ordinary format you use
202 with your favorite browser, like `Lynx' or `Netscape'.
204 ---------- Footnotes ----------
206 (1) If you have a `.netrc' file in your home directory, password
207 will also be searched for there.
210 File: wget.info, Node: Option Syntax, Next: Basic Startup Options, Prev: URL Format, Up: Invoking
215 Since Wget uses GNU getopts to process its arguments, every option
216 has a short form and a long form. Long options are more convenient to
217 remember, but take time to type. You may freely mix different option
218 styles, or specify options after the command-line arguments. Thus you
221 wget -r --tries=10 http://fly.cc.fer.hr/ -o log
223 The space between the option accepting an argument and the argument
224 may be omitted. Instead `-o log' you can write `-olog'.
226 You may put several options that do not require arguments together,
231 This is a complete equivalent of:
235 Since the options can be specified after the arguments, you may
236 terminate them with `--'. So the following will try to download URL
237 `-x', reporting failure to `log':
241 The options that accept comma-separated lists all respect the
242 convention that specifying an empty list clears its value. This can be
243 useful to clear the `.wgetrc' settings. For instance, if your `.wgetrc'
244 sets `exclude_directories' to `/cgi-bin', the following example will
245 first reset it, and then set it to exclude `/~nobody' and `/~somebody'.
246 You can also clear the lists in `.wgetrc' (*Note Wgetrc Syntax::).
248 wget -X '' -X /~nobody,/~somebody
251 File: wget.info, Node: Basic Startup Options, Next: Logging and Input File Options, Prev: Option Syntax, Up: Invoking
253 Basic Startup Options
254 =====================
258 Display the version of Wget.
262 Print a help message describing all of Wget's command-line options.
266 Go to background immediately after startup. If no output file is
267 specified via the `-o', output is redirected to `wget-log'.
271 Execute COMMAND as if it were a part of `.wgetrc' (*Note Startup
272 File::). A command thus invoked will be executed *after* the
273 commands in `.wgetrc', thus taking precedence over them.
276 File: wget.info, Node: Logging and Input File Options, Next: Download Options, Prev: Basic Startup Options, Up: Invoking
278 Logging and Input File Options
279 ==============================
282 `--output-file=LOGFILE'
283 Log all messages to LOGFILE. The messages are normally reported
287 `--append-output=LOGFILE'
288 Append to LOGFILE. This is the same as `-o', only it appends to
289 LOGFILE instead of overwriting the old log file. If LOGFILE does
290 not exist, a new file is created.
294 Turn on debug output, meaning various information important to the
295 developers of Wget if it does not work properly. Your system
296 administrator may have chosen to compile Wget without debug
297 support, in which case `-d' will not work. Please note that
298 compiling with debug support is always safe--Wget compiled with
299 the debug support will *not* print any debug info unless requested
300 with `-d'. *Note Reporting Bugs:: for more information on how to
301 use `-d' for sending bug reports.
305 Turn off Wget's output.
309 Turn on verbose output, with all the available data. The default
314 Non-verbose output--turn off verbose without being completely quiet
315 (use `-q' for that), which means that error messages and basic
316 information still get printed.
320 Read URLs from FILE, in which case no URLs need to be on the
321 command line. If there are URLs both on the command line and in
322 an input file, those on the command lines will be the first ones to
323 be retrieved. The FILE need not be an HTML document (but no harm
324 if it is)--it is enough if the URLs are just listed sequentially.
326 However, if you specify `--force-html', the document will be
327 regarded as `html'. In that case you may have problems with
328 relative links, which you can solve either by adding `<base
329 href="URL">' to the documents or by specifying `--base=URL' on the
334 When input is read from a file, force it to be treated as an HTML
335 file. This enables you to retrieve relative links from existing
336 HTML files on your local disk, by adding `<base href="URL">' to
337 HTML, or using the `--base' command-line option.
341 When used in conjunction with `-F', prepends URL to relative links
342 in the file specified by `-i'.
345 File: wget.info, Node: Download Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Logging and Input File Options, Up: Invoking
352 Set number of retries to NUMBER. Specify 0 or `inf' for infinite
356 `--output-document=FILE'
357 The documents will not be written to the appropriate files, but
358 all will be concatenated together and written to FILE. If FILE
359 already exists, it will be overwritten. If the FILE is `-', the
360 documents will be written to standard output. Including this
361 option automatically sets the number of tries to 1.
365 If a file is downloaded more than once in the same directory,
366 wget's behavior depends on a few options, including `-nc'. In
367 certain cases, the local file will be "clobbered", or overwritten,
368 upon repeated download. In other cases it will be preserved.
370 When running wget without `-N', `-nc', or `-r', downloading the
371 same file in the same directory will result in the original copy
372 of `FILE' being preserved and the second copy being named
373 `FILE.1'. If that file is downloaded yet again, the third copy
374 will be named `FILE.2', and so on. When `-nc' is specified, this
375 behavior is suppressed, and wget will refuse to download newer
376 copies of `FILE'. Therefore, "no-clobber" is actually a misnomer
377 in this mode - it's not clobbering that's prevented (as the
378 numeric suffixes were already preventing clobbering), but rather
379 the multiple version saving that's prevented.
381 When running wget with `-r', but without `-N' or `-nc',
382 re-downloading a file will result in the new copy simply
383 overwriting the old. Adding `-nc' will prevent this behavior,
384 instead causing the original version to be preserved and any newer
385 copies on the server to be ignored.
387 When running wget with `-N', with or without `-r', the decision as
388 to whether or not to download a newer copy of a file depends on
389 the local and remote timestamp and size of the file (*Note
390 Time-Stamping::). `-nc' may not be specified at the same time as
393 Note that when `-nc' is specified, files with the suffixes `.html'
394 or (yuck) `.htm' will be loaded from the local disk and parsed as
395 if they had been retrieved from the Web.
399 Continue getting an existing file. This is useful when you want to
400 finish up the download started by another program, or a previous
401 instance of Wget. Thus you can write:
403 wget -c ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/ls-lR.Z
405 If there is a file name `ls-lR.Z' in the current directory, Wget
406 will assume that it is the first portion of the remote file, and
407 will require the server to continue the retrieval from an offset
408 equal to the length of the local file.
410 Note that you need not specify this option if all you want is Wget
411 to continue retrieving where it left off when the connection is
412 lost--Wget does this by default. You need this option only when
413 you want to continue retrieval of a file already halfway
414 retrieved, saved by another FTP client, or left by Wget being
417 Without `-c', the previous example would just begin to download the
418 remote file to `ls-lR.Z.1'. The `-c' option is also applicable
419 for HTTP servers that support the `Range' header.
421 Note that if you use `-c' on a file that's already downloaded
422 completely, `FILE' will not be changed, nor will a second `FILE.1'
426 Set the retrieval style to STYLE. Wget traces the retrieval of
427 each document by printing dots on the screen, each dot
428 representing a fixed amount of retrieved data. Any number of dots
429 may be separated in a "cluster", to make counting easier. This
430 option allows you to choose one of the pre-defined styles,
431 determining the number of bytes represented by a dot, the number
432 of dots in a cluster, and the number of dots on the line.
434 With the `default' style each dot represents 1K, there are ten dots
435 in a cluster and 50 dots in a line. The `binary' style has a more
436 "computer"-like orientation--8K dots, 16-dots clusters and 48 dots
437 per line (which makes for 384K lines). The `mega' style is
438 suitable for downloading very large files--each dot represents 64K
439 retrieved, there are eight dots in a cluster, and 48 dots on each
440 line (so each line contains 3M). The `micro' style is exactly the
441 reverse; it is suitable for downloading small files, with 128-byte
442 dots, 8 dots per cluster, and 48 dots (6K) per line.
446 Turn on time-stamping. *Note Time-Stamping:: for details.
450 Print the headers sent by HTTP servers and responses sent by FTP
454 When invoked with this option, Wget will behave as a Web "spider",
455 which means that it will not download the pages, just check that
456 they are there. You can use it to check your bookmarks, e.g. with:
458 wget --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
460 This feature needs much more work for Wget to get close to the
461 functionality of real WWW spiders.
465 Set the read timeout to SECONDS seconds. Whenever a network read
466 is issued, the file descriptor is checked for a timeout, which
467 could otherwise leave a pending connection (uninterrupted read).
468 The default timeout is 900 seconds (fifteen minutes). Setting
469 timeout to 0 will disable checking for timeouts.
471 Please do not lower the default timeout value with this option
472 unless you know what you are doing.
476 Wait the specified number of seconds between the retrievals. Use
477 of this option is recommended, as it lightens the server load by
478 making the requests less frequent. Instead of in seconds, the
479 time can be specified in minutes using the `m' suffix, in hours
480 using `h' suffix, or in days using `d' suffix.
482 Specifying a large value for this option is useful if the network
483 or the destination host is down, so that Wget can wait long enough
484 to reasonably expect the network error to be fixed before the
487 `--waitretry=SECONDS'
488 If you don't want Wget to wait between *every* retrieval, but only
489 between retries of failed downloads, you can use this option.
490 Wget will use "linear backoff", waiting 1 second after the first
491 failure on a given file, then waiting 2 seconds after the second
492 failure on that file, up to the maximum number of SECONDS you
493 specify. Therefore, a value of 10 will actually make Wget wait up
494 to (1 + 2 + ... + 10) = 55 seconds per file.
496 Note that this option is turned on by default in the global
501 Turn proxy support on or off. The proxy is on by default if the
502 appropriate environmental variable is defined.
506 Specify download quota for automatic retrievals. The value can be
507 specified in bytes (default), kilobytes (with `k' suffix), or
508 megabytes (with `m' suffix).
510 Note that quota will never affect downloading a single file. So
511 if you specify `wget -Q10k ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/ls-lR.gz',
512 all of the `ls-lR.gz' will be downloaded. The same goes even when
513 several URLs are specified on the command-line. However, quota is
514 respected when retrieving either recursively, or from an input
515 file. Thus you may safely type `wget -Q2m -i sites'--download
516 will be aborted when the quota is exceeded.
518 Setting quota to 0 or to `inf' unlimits the download quota.
521 File: wget.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: HTTP Options, Prev: Download Options, Up: Invoking
528 Do not create a hierarchy of directories when retrieving
529 recursively. With this option turned on, all files will get saved
530 to the current directory, without clobbering (if a name shows up
531 more than once, the filenames will get extensions `.n').
534 `--force-directories'
535 The opposite of `-nd'--create a hierarchy of directories, even if
536 one would not have been created otherwise. E.g. `wget -x
537 http://fly.cc.fer.hr/robots.txt' will save the downloaded file to
538 `fly.cc.fer.hr/robots.txt'.
541 `--no-host-directories'
542 Disable generation of host-prefixed directories. By default,
543 invoking Wget with `-r http://fly.cc.fer.hr/' will create a
544 structure of directories beginning with `fly.cc.fer.hr/'. This
545 option disables such behavior.
548 Ignore NUMBER directory components. This is useful for getting a
549 fine-grained control over the directory where recursive retrieval
552 Take, for example, the directory at
553 `ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/'. If you retrieve it with `-r',
554 it will be saved locally under `ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/'.
555 While the `-nH' option can remove the `ftp.xemacs.org/' part, you
556 are still stuck with `pub/xemacs'. This is where `--cut-dirs'
557 comes in handy; it makes Wget not "see" NUMBER remote directory
558 components. Here are several examples of how `--cut-dirs' option
561 No options -> ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/
563 -nH --cut-dirs=1 -> xemacs/
564 -nH --cut-dirs=2 -> .
566 --cut-dirs=1 -> ftp.xemacs.org/xemacs/
569 If you just want to get rid of the directory structure, this
570 option is similar to a combination of `-nd' and `-P'. However,
571 unlike `-nd', `--cut-dirs' does not lose with subdirectories--for
572 instance, with `-nH --cut-dirs=1', a `beta/' subdirectory will be
573 placed to `xemacs/beta', as one would expect.
576 `--directory-prefix=PREFIX'
577 Set directory prefix to PREFIX. The "directory prefix" is the
578 directory where all other files and subdirectories will be saved
579 to, i.e. the top of the retrieval tree. The default is `.' (the
583 File: wget.info, Node: HTTP Options, Next: FTP Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking
589 `--http-passwd=PASSWORD'
590 Specify the username USER and password PASSWORD on an HTTP server.
591 According to the type of the challenge, Wget will encode them
592 using either the `basic' (insecure) or the `digest' authentication
595 Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself
596 (*Note URL Format::). For more information about security issues
597 with Wget, *Note Security Considerations::.
601 When set to off, disable server-side cache. In this case, Wget
602 will send the remote server an appropriate directive (`Pragma:
603 no-cache') to get the file from the remote service, rather than
604 returning the cached version. This is especially useful for
605 retrieving and flushing out-of-date documents on proxy servers.
607 Caching is allowed by default.
610 Unfortunately, some HTTP servers (CGI programs, to be more
611 precise) send out bogus `Content-Length' headers, which makes Wget
612 go wild, as it thinks not all the document was retrieved. You can
613 spot this syndrome if Wget retries getting the same document again
614 and again, each time claiming that the (otherwise normal)
615 connection has closed on the very same byte.
617 With this option, Wget will ignore the `Content-Length' header--as
620 `--header=ADDITIONAL-HEADER'
621 Define an ADDITIONAL-HEADER to be passed to the HTTP servers.
622 Headers must contain a `:' preceded by one or more non-blank
623 characters, and must not contain newlines.
625 You may define more than one additional header by specifying
626 `--header' more than once.
628 wget --header='Accept-Charset: iso-8859-2' \
629 --header='Accept-Language: hr' \
630 http://fly.cc.fer.hr/
632 Specification of an empty string as the header value will clear all
633 previous user-defined headers.
636 `--proxy-passwd=PASSWORD'
637 Specify the username USER and password PASSWORD for authentication
638 on a proxy server. Wget will encode them using the `basic'
639 authentication scheme.
642 Include `Referer: URL' header in HTTP request. Useful for
643 retrieving documents with server-side processing that assume they
644 are always being retrieved by interactive web browsers and only
645 come out properly when Referer is set to one of the pages that
650 Save the headers sent by the HTTP server to the file, preceding the
651 actual contents, with an empty line as the separator.
654 `--user-agent=AGENT-STRING'
655 Identify as AGENT-STRING to the HTTP server.
657 The HTTP protocol allows the clients to identify themselves using a
658 `User-Agent' header field. This enables distinguishing the WWW
659 software, usually for statistical purposes or for tracing of
660 protocol violations. Wget normally identifies as `Wget/VERSION',
661 VERSION being the current version number of Wget.
663 However, some sites have been known to impose the policy of
664 tailoring the output according to the `User-Agent'-supplied
665 information. While conceptually this is not such a bad idea, it
666 has been abused by servers denying information to clients other
667 than `Mozilla' or Microsoft `Internet Explorer'. This option
668 allows you to change the `User-Agent' line issued by Wget. Use of
669 this option is discouraged, unless you really know what you are
672 *NOTE* that Netscape Communications Corp. has claimed that false
673 transmissions of `Mozilla' as the `User-Agent' are a copyright
674 infringement, which will be prosecuted. *DO NOT* misrepresent
678 File: wget.info, Node: FTP Options, Next: Recursive Retrieval Options, Prev: HTTP Options, Up: Invoking
684 Retrieve symbolic links on FTP sites as if they were plain files,
685 i.e. don't just create links locally.
689 Turn FTP globbing on or off. Globbing means you may use the
690 shell-like special characters ("wildcards"), like `*', `?', `['
691 and `]' to retrieve more than one file from the same directory at
694 wget ftp://gnjilux.cc.fer.hr/*.msg
696 By default, globbing will be turned on if the URL contains a
697 globbing character. This option may be used to turn globbing on
700 You may have to quote the URL to protect it from being expanded by
701 your shell. Globbing makes Wget look for a directory listing,
702 which is system-specific. This is why it currently works only
703 with Unix FTP servers (and the ones emulating Unix `ls' output).
706 Use the "passive" FTP retrieval scheme, in which the client
707 initiates the data connection. This is sometimes required for FTP
708 to work behind firewalls.
711 File: wget.info, Node: Recursive Retrieval Options, Next: Recursive Accept/Reject Options, Prev: FTP Options, Up: Invoking
713 Recursive Retrieval Options
714 ===========================
718 Turn on recursive retrieving. *Note Recursive Retrieval:: for more
723 Specify recursion maximum depth level DEPTH (*Note Recursive
724 Retrieval::). The default maximum depth is 5.
727 This option tells Wget to delete every single file it downloads,
728 *after* having done so. It is useful for pre-fetching popular
729 pages through proxy, e.g.:
731 wget -r -nd --delete-after http://whatever.com/~popular/page/
733 The `-r' option is to retrieve recursively, and `-nd' not to
738 Convert the non-relative links to relative ones locally. Only the
739 references to the documents actually downloaded will be converted;
740 the rest will be left unchanged.
742 Note that only at the end of the download can Wget know which
743 links have been downloaded. Because of that, much of the work
744 done by `-k' will be performed at the end of the downloads.
748 When converting a file, back up the original version with a `.orig'
749 suffix. Affects the behavior of `-N' (*Note HTTP Time-Stamping
754 Turn on options suitable for mirroring. This option turns on
755 recursion and time-stamping, sets infinite recursion depth and
756 keeps FTP directory listings. It is currently equivalent to `-r
760 `--dont-remove-listing'
761 Don't remove the temporary `.listing' files generated by FTP
762 retrievals. Normally, these files contain the raw directory
763 listings received from FTP servers. Not removing them can be
764 useful to access the full remote file list when running a mirror,
765 or for debugging purposes.
768 File: wget.info, Node: Recursive Accept/Reject Options, Prev: Recursive Retrieval Options, Up: Invoking
770 Recursive Accept/Reject Options
771 ===============================
773 `-A ACCLIST --accept ACCLIST'
774 `-R REJLIST --reject REJLIST'
775 Specify comma-separated lists of file name suffixes or patterns to
776 accept or reject (*Note Types of Files:: for more details).
779 `--domains=DOMAIN-LIST'
780 Set domains to be accepted and DNS looked-up, where DOMAIN-LIST is
781 a comma-separated list. Note that it does *not* turn on `-H'.
782 This option speeds things up, even if only one host is spanned
783 (*Note Domain Acceptance::).
785 `--exclude-domains DOMAIN-LIST'
786 Exclude the domains given in a comma-separated DOMAIN-LIST from
787 DNS-lookup (*Note Domain Acceptance::).
790 Follow FTP links from HTML documents. Without this option, Wget
791 will ignore all the FTP links.
794 Wget has an internal table of HTML tag / attribute pairs that it
795 considers when looking for linked documents during a recursive
796 retrieval. If a user wants only a subset of those tags to be
797 considered, however, he or she should be specify such tags in a
798 comma-separated LIST with this option.
802 This is the opposite of the `--follow-tags' option. To skip
803 certain HTML tags when recursively looking for documents to
804 download, specify them in a comma-separated LIST. The author of
805 this option likes to use the following command to download a
806 single HTML page and all files (e.g. images, sounds, and
807 stylesheets) necessary to display it properly:
809 wget -Ga,area -H -k -K -nh -r http://SITE/DOCUMENT
813 Enable spanning across hosts when doing recursive retrieving
818 Follow relative links only. Useful for retrieving a specific home
819 page without any distractions, not even those from the same hosts
820 (*Note Relative Links::).
823 `--include-directories=LIST'
824 Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to follow
825 when downloading (*Note Directory-Based Limits:: for more
826 details.) Elements of LIST may contain wildcards.
829 `--exclude-directories=LIST'
830 Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to exclude
831 from download (*Note Directory-Based Limits:: for more details.)
832 Elements of LIST may contain wildcards.
836 Disable the time-consuming DNS lookup of almost all hosts (*Note
842 Do not ever ascend to the parent directory when retrieving
843 recursively. This is a useful option, since it guarantees that
844 only the files *below* a certain hierarchy will be downloaded.
845 *Note Directory-Based Limits:: for more details.
848 File: wget.info, Node: Recursive Retrieval, Next: Following Links, Prev: Invoking, Up: Top
853 GNU Wget is capable of traversing parts of the Web (or a single HTTP
854 or FTP server), depth-first following links and directory structure.
855 This is called "recursive" retrieving, or "recursion".
857 With HTTP URLs, Wget retrieves and parses the HTML from the given
858 URL, documents, retrieving the files the HTML document was referring
859 to, through markups like `href', or `src'. If the freshly downloaded
860 file is also of type `text/html', it will be parsed and followed
863 The maximum "depth" to which the retrieval may descend is specified
864 with the `-l' option (the default maximum depth is five layers). *Note
865 Recursive Retrieval::.
867 When retrieving an FTP URL recursively, Wget will retrieve all the
868 data from the given directory tree (including the subdirectories up to
869 the specified depth) on the remote server, creating its mirror image
870 locally. FTP retrieval is also limited by the `depth' parameter.
872 By default, Wget will create a local directory tree, corresponding to
873 the one found on the remote server.
875 Recursive retrieving can find a number of applications, the most
876 important of which is mirroring. It is also useful for WWW
877 presentations, and any other opportunities where slow network
878 connections should be bypassed by storing the files locally.
880 You should be warned that invoking recursion may cause grave
881 overloading on your system, because of the fast exchange of data
882 through the network; all of this may hamper other users' work. The
883 same stands for the foreign server you are mirroring--the more requests
884 it gets in a rows, the greater is its load.
886 Careless retrieving can also fill your file system uncontrollably,
887 which can grind the machine to a halt.
889 The load can be minimized by lowering the maximum recursion level
890 (`-l') and/or by lowering the number of retries (`-t'). You may also
891 consider using the `-w' option to slow down your requests to the remote
892 servers, as well as the numerous options to narrow the number of
893 followed links (*Note Following Links::).
895 Recursive retrieval is a good thing when used properly. Please take
896 all precautions not to wreak havoc through carelessness.
899 File: wget.info, Node: Following Links, Next: Time-Stamping, Prev: Recursive Retrieval, Up: Top
904 When retrieving recursively, one does not wish to retrieve loads of
905 unnecessary data. Most of the time the users bear in mind exactly what
906 they want to download, and want Wget to follow only specific links.
908 For example, if you wish to download the music archive from
909 `fly.cc.fer.hr', you will not want to download all the home pages that
910 happen to be referenced by an obscure part of the archive.
912 Wget possesses several mechanisms that allows you to fine-tune which
913 links it will follow.
917 * Relative Links:: Follow relative links only.
918 * Host Checking:: Follow links on the same host.
919 * Domain Acceptance:: Check on a list of domains.
920 * All Hosts:: No host restrictions.
921 * Types of Files:: Getting only certain files.
922 * Directory-Based Limits:: Getting only certain directories.
923 * FTP Links:: Following FTP links.
926 File: wget.info, Node: Relative Links, Next: Host Checking, Prev: Following Links, Up: Following Links
931 When only relative links are followed (option `-L'), recursive
932 retrieving will never span hosts. No time-expensive DNS-lookups will
933 be performed, and the process will be very fast, with the minimum
934 strain of the network. This will suit your needs often, especially when
935 mirroring the output of various `x2html' converters, since they
936 generally output relative links.
939 File: wget.info, Node: Host Checking, Next: Domain Acceptance, Prev: Relative Links, Up: Following Links
944 The drawback of following the relative links solely is that humans
945 often tend to mix them with absolute links to the very same host, and
946 the very same page. In this mode (which is the default mode for
947 following links) all URLs that refer to the same host will be retrieved.
949 The problem with this option are the aliases of the hosts and
950 domains. Thus there is no way for Wget to know that `regoc.srce.hr' and
951 `www.srce.hr' are the same host, or that `fly.cc.fer.hr' is the same as
952 `fly.cc.etf.hr'. Whenever an absolute link is encountered, the host is
953 DNS-looked-up with `gethostbyname' to check whether we are maybe
954 dealing with the same hosts. Although the results of `gethostbyname'
955 are cached, it is still a great slowdown, e.g. when dealing with large
956 indices of home pages on different hosts (because each of the hosts
957 must be DNS-resolved to see whether it just *might* be an alias of the
960 To avoid the overhead you may use `-nh', which will turn off
961 DNS-resolving and make Wget compare hosts literally. This will make
962 things run much faster, but also much less reliable (e.g. `www.srce.hr'
963 and `regoc.srce.hr' will be flagged as different hosts).
965 Note that modern HTTP servers allow one IP address to host several
966 "virtual servers", each having its own directory hierarchy. Such
967 "servers" are distinguished by their hostnames (all of which point to
968 the same IP address); for this to work, a client must send a `Host'
969 header, which is what Wget does. However, in that case Wget *must not*
970 try to divine a host's "real" address, nor try to use the same hostname
971 for each access, i.e. `-nh' must be turned on.
973 In other words, the `-nh' option must be used to enable the
974 retrieval from virtual servers distinguished by their hostnames. As the
975 number of such server setups grow, the behavior of `-nh' may become the
976 default in the future.
979 File: wget.info, Node: Domain Acceptance, Next: All Hosts, Prev: Host Checking, Up: Following Links
984 With the `-D' option you may specify the domains that will be
985 followed. The hosts the domain of which is not in this list will not be
986 DNS-resolved. Thus you can specify `-Dmit.edu' just to make sure that
987 *nothing outside of MIT gets looked up*. This is very important and
988 useful. It also means that `-D' does *not* imply `-H' (span all
989 hosts), which must be specified explicitly. Feel free to use this
990 options since it will speed things up, with almost all the reliability
991 of checking for all hosts. Thus you could invoke
993 wget -r -D.hr http://fly.cc.fer.hr/
995 to make sure that only the hosts in `.hr' domain get DNS-looked-up
996 for being equal to `fly.cc.fer.hr'. So `fly.cc.etf.hr' will be checked
997 (only once!) and found equal, but `www.gnu.ai.mit.edu' will not even be
1000 Of course, domain acceptance can be used to limit the retrieval to
1001 particular domains with spanning of hosts in them, but then you must
1002 specify `-H' explicitly. E.g.:
1004 wget -r -H -Dmit.edu,stanford.edu http://www.mit.edu/
1006 will start with `http://www.mit.edu/', following links across MIT
1009 If there are domains you want to exclude specifically, you can do it
1010 with `--exclude-domains', which accepts the same type of arguments of
1011 `-D', but will *exclude* all the listed domains. For example, if you
1012 want to download all the hosts from `foo.edu' domain, with the
1013 exception of `sunsite.foo.edu', you can do it like this:
1015 wget -rH -Dfoo.edu --exclude-domains sunsite.foo.edu http://www.foo.edu/
1018 File: wget.info, Node: All Hosts, Next: Types of Files, Prev: Domain Acceptance, Up: Following Links
1023 When `-H' is specified without `-D', all hosts are freely spanned.
1024 There are no restrictions whatsoever as to what part of the net Wget
1025 will go to fetch documents, other than maximum retrieval depth. If a
1026 page references `www.yahoo.com', so be it. Such an option is rarely
1030 File: wget.info, Node: Types of Files, Next: Directory-Based Limits, Prev: All Hosts, Up: Following Links
1035 When downloading material from the web, you will often want to
1036 restrict the retrieval to only certain file types. For example, if you
1037 are interested in downloading GIFs, you will not be overjoyed to get
1038 loads of PostScript documents, and vice versa.
1040 Wget offers two options to deal with this problem. Each option
1041 description lists a short name, a long name, and the equivalent command
1047 The argument to `--accept' option is a list of file suffixes or
1048 patterns that Wget will download during recursive retrieval. A
1049 suffix is the ending part of a file, and consists of "normal"
1050 letters, e.g. `gif' or `.jpg'. A matching pattern contains
1051 shell-like wildcards, e.g. `books*' or `zelazny*196[0-9]*'.
1053 So, specifying `wget -A gif,jpg' will make Wget download only the
1054 files ending with `gif' or `jpg', i.e. GIFs and JPEGs. On the
1055 other hand, `wget -A "zelazny*196[0-9]*"' will download only files
1056 beginning with `zelazny' and containing numbers from 1960 to 1969
1057 anywhere within. Look up the manual of your shell for a
1058 description of how pattern matching works.
1060 Of course, any number of suffixes and patterns can be combined
1061 into a comma-separated list, and given as an argument to `-A'.
1066 The `--reject' option works the same way as `--accept', only its
1067 logic is the reverse; Wget will download all files *except* the
1068 ones matching the suffixes (or patterns) in the list.
1070 So, if you want to download a whole page except for the cumbersome
1071 MPEGs and .AU files, you can use `wget -R mpg,mpeg,au'.
1072 Analogously, to download all files except the ones beginning with
1073 `bjork', use `wget -R "bjork*"'. The quotes are to prevent
1074 expansion by the shell.
1076 The `-A' and `-R' options may be combined to achieve even better
1077 fine-tuning of which files to retrieve. E.g. `wget -A "*zelazny*" -R
1078 .ps' will download all the files having `zelazny' as a part of their
1079 name, but *not* the PostScript files.
1081 Note that these two options do not affect the downloading of HTML
1082 files; Wget must load all the HTMLs to know where to go at
1083 all--recursive retrieval would make no sense otherwise.
1086 File: wget.info, Node: Directory-Based Limits, Next: FTP Links, Prev: Types of Files, Up: Following Links
1088 Directory-Based Limits
1089 ======================
1091 Regardless of other link-following facilities, it is often useful to
1092 place the restriction of what files to retrieve based on the directories
1093 those files are placed in. There can be many reasons for this--the
1094 home pages may be organized in a reasonable directory structure; or some
1095 directories may contain useless information, e.g. `/cgi-bin' or `/dev'
1098 Wget offers three different options to deal with this requirement.
1099 Each option description lists a short name, a long name, and the
1100 equivalent command in `.wgetrc'.
1104 `include_directories = LIST'
1105 `-I' option accepts a comma-separated list of directories included
1106 in the retrieval. Any other directories will simply be ignored.
1107 The directories are absolute paths.
1109 So, if you wish to download from `http://host/people/bozo/'
1110 following only links to bozo's colleagues in the `/people'
1111 directory and the bogus scripts in `/cgi-bin', you can specify:
1113 wget -I /people,/cgi-bin http://host/people/bozo/
1117 `exclude_directories = LIST'
1118 `-X' option is exactly the reverse of `-I'--this is a list of
1119 directories *excluded* from the download. E.g. if you do not want
1120 Wget to download things from `/cgi-bin' directory, specify `-X
1121 /cgi-bin' on the command line.
1123 The same as with `-A'/`-R', these two options can be combined to
1124 get a better fine-tuning of downloading subdirectories. E.g. if
1125 you want to load all the files from `/pub' hierarchy except for
1126 `/pub/worthless', specify `-I/pub -X/pub/worthless'.
1131 The simplest, and often very useful way of limiting directories is
1132 disallowing retrieval of the links that refer to the hierarchy
1133 "above" than the beginning directory, i.e. disallowing ascent to
1134 the parent directory/directories.
1136 The `--no-parent' option (short `-np') is useful in this case.
1137 Using it guarantees that you will never leave the existing
1138 hierarchy. Supposing you issue Wget with:
1140 wget -r --no-parent http://somehost/~luzer/my-archive/
1142 You may rest assured that none of the references to
1143 `/~his-girls-homepage/' or `/~luzer/all-my-mpegs/' will be
1144 followed. Only the archive you are interested in will be
1145 downloaded. Essentially, `--no-parent' is similar to
1146 `-I/~luzer/my-archive', only it handles redirections in a more
1147 intelligent fashion.
1150 File: wget.info, Node: FTP Links, Prev: Directory-Based Limits, Up: Following Links
1155 The rules for FTP are somewhat specific, as it is necessary for them
1156 to be. FTP links in HTML documents are often included for purposes of
1157 reference, and it is often inconvenient to download them by default.
1159 To have FTP links followed from HTML documents, you need to specify
1160 the `--follow-ftp' option. Having done that, FTP links will span hosts
1161 regardless of `-H' setting. This is logical, as FTP links rarely point
1162 to the same host where the HTTP server resides. For similar reasons,
1163 the `-L' options has no effect on such downloads. On the other hand,
1164 domain acceptance (`-D') and suffix rules (`-A' and `-R') apply
1167 Also note that followed links to FTP directories will not be
1168 retrieved recursively further.
1171 File: wget.info, Node: Time-Stamping, Next: Startup File, Prev: Following Links, Up: Top
1176 One of the most important aspects of mirroring information from the
1177 Internet is updating your archives.
1179 Downloading the whole archive again and again, just to replace a few
1180 changed files is expensive, both in terms of wasted bandwidth and money,
1181 and the time to do the update. This is why all the mirroring tools
1182 offer the option of incremental updating.
1184 Such an updating mechanism means that the remote server is scanned in
1185 search of "new" files. Only those new files will be downloaded in the
1186 place of the old ones.
1188 A file is considered new if one of these two conditions are met:
1190 1. A file of that name does not already exist locally.
1192 2. A file of that name does exist, but the remote file was modified
1193 more recently than the local file.
1195 To implement this, the program needs to be aware of the time of last
1196 modification of both remote and local files. Such information are
1197 called the "time-stamps".
1199 The time-stamping in GNU Wget is turned on using `--timestamping'
1200 (`-N') option, or through `timestamping = on' directive in `.wgetrc'.
1201 With this option, for each file it intends to download, Wget will check
1202 whether a local file of the same name exists. If it does, and the
1203 remote file is older, Wget will not download it.
1205 If the local file does not exist, or the sizes of the files do not
1206 match, Wget will download the remote file no matter what the time-stamps
1211 * Time-Stamping Usage::
1212 * HTTP Time-Stamping Internals::
1213 * FTP Time-Stamping Internals::
1216 File: wget.info, Node: Time-Stamping Usage, Next: HTTP Time-Stamping Internals, Prev: Time-Stamping, Up: Time-Stamping
1221 The usage of time-stamping is simple. Say you would like to
1222 download a file so that it keeps its date of modification.
1224 wget -S http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/
1226 A simple `ls -l' shows that the time stamp on the local file equals
1227 the state of the `Last-Modified' header, as returned by the server. As
1228 you can see, the time-stamping info is preserved locally, even without
1231 Several days later, you would like Wget to check if the remote file
1232 has changed, and download it if it has.
1234 wget -N http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/
1236 Wget will ask the server for the last-modified date. If the local
1237 file is newer, the remote file will not be re-fetched. However, if the
1238 remote file is more recent, Wget will proceed fetching it normally.
1240 The same goes for FTP. For example:
1242 wget ftp://ftp.ifi.uio.no/pub/emacs/gnus/*
1244 `ls' will show that the timestamps are set according to the state on
1245 the remote server. Reissuing the command with `-N' will make Wget
1246 re-fetch *only* the files that have been modified.
1248 In both HTTP and FTP retrieval Wget will time-stamp the local file
1249 correctly (with or without `-N') if it gets the stamps, i.e. gets the
1250 directory listing for FTP or the `Last-Modified' header for HTTP.
1252 If you wished to mirror the GNU archive every week, you would use the
1253 following command every week:
1255 wget --timestamping -r ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/